David Alias Balasaheb Sunderrao ... vs Kalpana Alias Mai Alias ... on 12 December, 1974

    David Alias Balasaheb Sunderrao Takalkar vs Kalpana Alias Mai Alias Vijayamala
Prabhakar Londhe on 12/12/1974

JUDGMENT

   Gandhi, J.

   1. This is a petition filed by the husband who is an Indian Christian under
the Indian Divorce Act and under Clause 35 of the Letters Patent for obtaining a
decree that his marriage with the respondent be declared null and void. The
original petition has been amended pursuant to the order dated April 3, 1974 on
April 17, 1974, making allegation that the respondent committed frequent acts of
adultery with the co-respondent since December 6, 1970. An additional prayer has
been made that in the alternative to the prayer of declaring the marriage null
and void, the Court may pass a decree of divorce in favour of the petitioner.
Though this was an ex parte matter, after recording the evidence of certain
witnesses, my brother Kania J. felt that the petition raises some important
questions of law and the Court would require assistance of some advocate and
made an order requesting Mrs. Manohar to appear as amicus curiae to assist the
Court. After this order, the petitioner has amended the petition and has also
prayed for a decree for divorce as mentioned above. It is the case of the
petitioner that in April 1968, one V.R. Lond he and one L.W. Bansode of Poona
met petitioner's maternal uncle Rev. N.R. Pandit and made representations that
respondent was a virgin; that she has passed S.S.C, examination and that she was
working as a steno-typist in an office at Bombay. These representations were
made to Pandit with a view to suggest that the respondent would be an admirably
suitable person as wife for the petitioner.

   2. As suggested by the parties, a meeting was arranged on April 28, 1968 in
Bombay at the residence of the respondent at Goregaon. It is the petitioner's
case that the petitioner was introduced to the respondent and her parents there.
The petitioner was accompanied by Pandit and at that meeting, respondent's
parents represented to the petitioner that the respondent was a girl of good
moral character and a virgin; that she had passed S.S.C. examination and had
completed a, Telephone Operator's course and a course in Stenography and that
she was employed as a steno-typist with Messrs. Comteck Laboratories, Mahim,
Bombay. According to the petitioner, there was a further meeting which took
place at Poona at the house of Bansode. At that meeting, the petitioner's mother
and Pandit were present and respondent and her parents, Bansode and one Patole
were also present. Again the same representations were repeated to Pandit by the
respondent and her parents. According to the petitioner, these representations
regarding the character and qualifications and respondent's service were all
false. According to him, they were fraudulently made, dishonestly concealing-
the true facts with a view to deceive the petitioner and to induce the
petitioner to marry the respondent. Relying on the said representations and
believing them to be true, the petitioner agreed to marry the respondent. After
this, the petitioner and the respondent signed the marriage notice form, wherein
the petitioner stated that he was a bachelor and the respondent stated that she
was a Kumari. The respondent stated in the form that her date of birth was
September 4, 1949, which according to the subsequent information received by the
petitioner was also a false birth date. The petitioner in the petition has also
alleged that the respondent deliberately and fraudulently and with a view to
concealing her character which was notorious, avoided publication of her banns
in Bombay so that the people of her parish in Bombay may not know that she was
getting married and may not raise a lawful impediment to her marriage. It is the
case of the petitioner that the respondent instead of mentioning her real name
viz. Vijayamala by which she was called from birth and continued to be called,
falsely stated her name as Kalpana in the notice of marriage. It is also the
case of the petitioner that instead of publishing the banns in the Bombay Church
to which the respondent's parents belonged, the banns were published in the
Brother Deshpande Memorial Church, Poona, with a view that the respondent's
antecedence could not be known. On May 27, 1968, the petitioner and the
respondent went through a marriage in the Hume Memorial Church, Ahmednagar.
According to the petitioner, this was a pretended marriage. As the marriage was
held at Ahmednagar, the petitioner and the respondent spent the wedding night at
the residence of the petitioner's maternal uncle, the said Pandit at Ahmednagar.
It is the ease of the petitioner that on the same night i.e. the first night of
the wedding, when the petitioner and the respondent were alone together,
petitioner was surprised to find that the respondent was behaving in a manner of
a girl who was well experienced in sexual intercourse. The petitioner found that
the respondent was not a virgin. When the petitioner protested, the respondent
confessed that she was experienced in sex and she was not in fact a virgin. She
also admitted that she had been carrying on with a married man with whom even at
that time she was in love. It is the petitioner's allegation that the respondent
told him that she never loved the petitioner. But she and her parents
deliberately made the efforts of false representations to the petitioner to
conceal her past and to induce the petitioner to j her. The petitioner reacted
and told the respondent that fraud had been practised upon him and under the
circumstances the petitioner would not consider her as his wife and would not
have any relations with her. The petitioner told the respondent on that very
night that she was free to go wherever she liked or wanted, as the petitioner
was not prepared to take her to Pimpri as his wife.

   3. The petitioner further states in the petition that the respondent begged
of the petitioner not to disgrace her publicly and requested the petitioner to
take her to Pimpri for a short time and thereafter to take her back to her
parents. The petitioner to keep up the appearance, took the respondent to his
quarters at Pimpri for two days, but had no sexual connection with her
whatsoever. The petitioner thereafter took the respondent from Pimpri to
respondent's parents at Goregaon, Bombay, where after staying the night at
Goregaon, the petitioner and the respondent stayed for about six days at the
residence of the petitioner's maternal uncle Pandit at Abbott House, Sophia
Zuber Road, Byculla, Bombay. But it is the case of the petitioner that he had no
sexual intercourse with the respondent during this period. It is further stated
in the petition that thereafter from June 1968 to January 25, 1969 the
petitioner and the respondent resided together at the petitioner's quarters at
Pimpri viz. room No, 8 in quarter No. HB/17, Sindhi Camp, Pimpri, but the
petitioner had no sexual relations with the respondent at all. It is further
stated in the petition that quarrels broke out between the petitioner and the
respondent and ultimately the respondent left the petitioner on or about January
25, 1969 with "the intention of breaking up the pretended marriage and went to
the residence of her brother-in-law, Bansode, at Nana Peth, Poona. There are
allegations in the petition that when she went away, she took away some
ornaments, but they are not relevant for the determination of this petition and
I need not go into the details about those allegations. On these allegations,
the petitioner wanted this Court to declare that the said marriage between the
petitioner and the respondent was null and void. There was correspondence
between the legal advisors of the petitioner and the respondent, wherein the
petitioner had pointed out all that has been stated above. Besides that,
petitioner had filed a criminal complaint under Section 417 read with Section 34
of the Indian Penal Code against the respondent and some of her relations,
bearing case No. 324/S of 1971 in the Court of the Presidency Magistrate,
Borivli. When the petition was filed, the said criminal complaint was pending,
but I am now told that in view of this petition, the criminal complaint has been
withdrawn. By amendment, the petitioner has alleged that after he filed this
petition for a decree for nullity, in or about the end of October 1973, from one
Sudhakar Yadavrao Prabhune, the petitioner came to know that the respondent
committed frequent acts of adultery with the co-respondent since December 6,
1970, and as a matter of fact, on December 10, 1970, in the early morning,
respondent and the correspondent in the co-respondent's bed room at Madina
Manzil were seen together when the wife of the co-respondent was not at home;
that the respondent and the co-respondent were also seen together again on
December 30, 1970 at Sea View Hotel, Juhu, and the petitioner believed that the
respondent had committed adultery and frequent acts of adultery with the co-
respondent and has prayed that he is entitled to have his marriage with the
respondent dissolved by a decree of divorce on the ground of adultery also. When
the petition came up for hearing before Kania J on December 6, 1972, the
petitioner examined himself as a witness in support of his petition. He also
examined one Nilkanth Rangnath Makasare, a Parish Priest of the Emmanuel Church
at Proctor Road. He also examined John Yadav Shirshat, a Pastor of the First
Church at Ahmednagar known as the Hume Memorial Church and examined N.R. Pandit.
The petitioner also examined one Waman Keshav Wad, Principal of the People's
Education Society's Maharashtra High School at Lower Parel, to prove that the
date of birth was registered as June 3, 1945 and that the respondent was sent up
for S.S.C. examination in March 1963, but she did not get through. The
petitioner also examined one Abaji Mahadeo Kale, a store-keeper from Comteck
Laboratory to show that the respondent was Miss V.P. Londhe; that her first name
was Vijayamala; that there is no entry in the register showing the name as
Kalpana as an employee and according to Kale, the respondent was working as a
packer in the firm. On December 7, 1972, at the request of the petitioner's
counsel, the matter was adjourned to December 20, 1972. Thereafter as mentioned
above, the petitioner amended the petition on April 17, 1974 pursuant to the
order obtained on April 3, 1974 and by amendment, the petitioner has added
Kesharikumar Kashinath Shinde as a co-respondent and has also prayed for a
decree for divorce on the ground of adultery. When the matter reached before me
on December 6, 1974, Mr. Sethna, counsel for the petitioner applied for
permission to lead further evidence as the petition was amended and in order to
substantiate the allegations of adultery against the respondent and the co-
respondent. The permission having been granted, the petitioner has examined one
more witness viz. Sudhakar Yadav Prabhune to substantiate his allegations of
adultery against the respondent.

   4. It is mainly the case of the petitioner that the petition is under Section
18 of the Indian Divorce Act, 1869 for marriage being declared null and void and
it is urged that Section 19 provides the grounds on which a decree for nullity
can be obtained from the Court. Section 19 mentions four specific grounds and in
the last paragraph, it states:

     Nothing in this section shall affect the jurisdiction of the High Court to
make decrees of nullity of marriage on the ground that the consent of either
party was obtained by force or fraud.

   It is the case of the petitioner that under this provision, he has filed this
petition before the High Court and the High Court can in the exercise of its
jurisdiction pass a decree of nullity of marriage as his consent was obtained by
fraud.

   5. The petitioner also relies upon the provisions of dissolution of marriage
contained in Section 10, that the marriage be dissolved on the ground that the
respondent, his wife, has since the (solemnization of the marriage been guilty
of adultery. Section 7 of the Indian Divorce Act, provides as follow:

     Subject to the provisions contained in this Act, the High Courts and
District Court shall, in all suits and proceedings hereunder, act and give
relief on principles and rules which, in the opinion of the said Courts, are as
nearly as may be conformable to the principles and rules on which the Court for
Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in England for the time being acts and gives
relief:....

   It is submitted on behalf of the petitioner that reading the provisions of
Section 19 and especially the last clause which has been reproduced coupled with
the provisions of Section 7, this Court taking into consideration the principles
and rules on which the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in England gives
relief, should grant the relief prayed for viz. a decree for nullity of
marriage. Though in the petition reliance has been placed on false
representations with regard to the qualifications of the respondent viz. that
she has been represented to have passed S.S.C. examination and also with regard
to the respondent having obtained training as a telephone operator and a steno-
typist and was serving as a steno-typist and further that banns were not
published as per the requirements of the Church, Mr. Sethna appearing on behalf
of the petitioner fairly stated that he does not rely upon these mis-
representations as providing grounds for holding that fraud has been perpetrated
and the consent obtained from the petitioner was as a result of such fraud.
However, he submitted that these mis-representations are relied upon by the
petitioner in support of his contention, that the main representations made on
behalf of the respondent by her parents that respondent was a girl of good moral
character and a virgin, which according to Mr. Sethnak an essential condition of
marriage, was a. false representation and such a false representation was made
deliberately to Induce the petitioner to give his consent to the marriage with
the respondent and that the other conduct on the part of the respondent and her
parents are indicative to support the contention of the petitioner that there
was a deliberate fraud played upon the petitioner viz, to induce him to give his
consent on false representation that respondent was a girl of good moral
character and a virgin. It is submitted by Mr. Sethna that the petitioner had
made specific inquires Avitii regard to the good moral character of the
respondent and her being a virgin and in response to that inquiry, such
representations were made by the respondent's parents. It is further submitted
by Mr. Sethna that these representations were made in the presence of the
respondent and the respondent by remaining silent is also guilty of concealment
of material and important question about her bearing good moral character or
being virgin. To that extent the respondent has also by suppressing the truth
been responsible for making false representations. Mr. Sethna in support of his
submissions relied upon the changes in the Matrimonial Law in England and
tracing the history of Matrimonial Law, submitted that the Royal Com-mission to
Inquire into the Matrimonial Relations, made its report in 1850 and that Act was
passed in 1857 and by that Act, Courts in England were invested with the
jurisdiction to try matrimonial cases. He has relied upon Section 22 of that
Act, which runs as follows:

     In all Suits and Proceedings, other than Proceedings to dissolve any
Marriage, the said Court shall proceed and act and give Relief on Principles and
Rules which in the Opinion of the said Court shall be as nearly as may be
conformable to the Principles and Rules on which the Ecclesiastical Courts have
heretofore acted and given Relief, but subject to the Provisions herein
contained and to the Rules and Orders under this Act.

   He submitted that the provisions of Section 22 of 1857, Matrimonial Causes
Act, England are verbatim incorporated in the Indian Divorce Act in Section 7.
The only difference being that there, the Courts were required to proceed and
act on principles and rules on which the Ecclesiastical Courts had acted and
given relief, here, the Courts in India have to act and give relief on
principles and rules on which the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes in
England for the time being acts and gives relief. Mr. Sethna submitted that
there are important changes in the Matrimonial Law in England and he has
referred to the changes brought about by Matrimonial Causes Act of 1923, whereby
for the first time, the right was granted to the wife for filing petition for
divorce for adultery; then Matrimonial Causes Act, 1937, whereby for the first
time grounds for nullity of marriage were specifically stated, then Matrimonial
Causes Act, 1965, whereby desertion and cruelty were added as grounds for
matrimonial relief; then Divorce Reform Act, 1969, which provided further
reforms in the matter of obtaining divorce and lastly the Nullity of Marriage
Act, 1971, in which provisions have been added which clearly indicate the
difference between void and voidable marriage and specifically provide that
marriage is voidable if no valid consent in consequence of duress, mistake,
unsoundness of mind or otherwise is obtained. It is submitted by Mr. Sethna that
this Court while exercising the.-jurisdiction under Letters Patent and under the
Indian Divorce Act, should follow the principles and rules laid down not only by
English decisions, but also by certain changes which have been brought about by
various legislations in England. He has submitted that even if the Court is not
inclined to introduce all the legislative changes brought about, at least the
policy and the principles followed by English Courts and English law viz. that
the grounds for divorce and nullity having been expounded should be taken into
consideration in view of the provisions of Section 7 of the Indian Divorce Act.
Mr. Sethna submitted that neither by any decision of English Court nor by any
legislation in England, there has been any case, wherein the question of
obtaining consent by fraud ('error' as used in English Act) or the consent
obtained by mis-representation with regard to the vital condition or essential
condition of marriage viz. the bride being virgin, has been decided. The Courts
in India should, under the heading 'fraud' apply the ordinary principles
applicable to ordinary contracts and if on applying those principles there is no
real consent to the marriage, should declare the marriage to be null and void.
Mr. Sethna urged before me that this is an important question for Christian"
religion and even if the petitioner is entitled to get a decree for divorce on
the ground of adultery, the decree may be liable to be set aside and he would
like the Court to grant him decree declaring the marriage to be null and void.
He further submitted that a decree of nullity was recognised by the Church and
the petitioner's re-marriage would be recognised by the Church; the petitioner
being a very religious-minded follower of the Church, would have an easy
conscience to re-marry if there is a decree of nullity and not merely a decree
for dissolution of marriage on the ground of adultery. Mr. Sethna also submitted
before me that there is no direct authority either of the English Courts or of
the Indian Courts under Indian Divorce Act or similar provisions of the Hindu
Marriage and Divorce Act, which has similar provision for declaring the marriage
a nullity. He submitted that the Court may consider the entire question
including the main question whether the allegations made by the petitioner, if
substantiated by evidence would provide the ground for decree of nullity on the
basis of the provisions of Section 19 that his consent was obtained by fraud, In
other words, Mr. Sethna submitted that the question how the Court interprets the
word-'fraud' is an important thing for the determination of the first question
whether the petitioner is entitled to a decree for declaration of nullity of
marriage under Section 19 of the Indian Divorce Act. As the evidence of the
original petition was not taken before me, and as I had not gone through the
evidence and as my learned brother Kania J. had requested Mrs. Manohar to appear
as amicus curiae to assist the Court on this very important matter and as Mrs.
Manohar has taken pains to assist the Court, I allowed Mr. Sethna to argue the
matter at considerable length and now I propose to consider the question whether
a decree for nullity could be passed on consent being obtained by fraud. Several
authorities have been cited before me and it is submitted on behalf of the
petitioner that in interpreting the word 'fraud' as appearing in Section 19 of
the Indian Divorce Act, I should follow the same principles followed under the
Contract Act and if I am satisfied that the consent was obtained, which would
render such consent to be illusory or non-existent, I should hold that, even in
a matrimonial case, if consent has been obtained by false representation as to
an essential condition of marriage, viz. the question of virginity of a bride at
the time of marriage, the marriage was void, Mr. Sethna submitted that even if
the Court is take the view that the marriage is not void ah into, but it is
voidable at the instance of the party, who has been induced to enter into a
contract or give his consent because of certain false representation, even then
I should hold that the marriage is voidable at the instance of the petitioner
and declare and give a decree for nullity of marriage.

   6. Mr. Sethna has further submitted that the petitioner has led evidence to
show that certain representations were made and those representations were
false. He further submits that the evidence discloses that the petitioner who
was a believer in Christian religion, had made it clear that he would not have
married the respondent unless she was a virgin and a woman of good character. He
also submits that the petitioner would not have married the respondent if the
representations which were made, were not made, but they were made to induce the
petitioner to consent to a marriage. Mr. Sethna submits that there is sufficient
evidence to draw an inference that the respondent's parents must have known that
their daughter, the respondent, was not bearing good moral character or was not
virgin and knowingly made false representations. He further submits that in any
event the respondent was present when such representations were made and was
keeping silent" when these material and essential conditions of marriage were
contemplated and representations were made, and thereby she suppressed the truth
which she at least knew and has induced the petitioner to give his consent to
the marriage. "When I will discuss the evidence in a little detail, I will
express my opinion of the view that I take of the evidence on the question
whether the evidence satisfies the requirements: of false representations having
been made with the knowledge that they Were false. Mr. Setbna submitted that
whatever be my view with regard to the sufficiency of evidence on the record,
the main question is whether such false representations inducing consent on
essential matters would enable a party to prove that his consent was obtained by
fraud and further entitle him to obtain a decree declaring the marriage null and
void. In the alternative, Mr. Sethna has submitted that the evidence with regard
to the allegations of adultery are proved by examining an independent witness
and that evidence has remained unchallenged as the respondent or the co-
respondent who have been served with the petition and the amended petition have
remained absent in the proceedings and therefore, the petitioner is entitled to
a decree for divorce on the ground of adultery.

   7. Mrs. Manohar who has been appearing as amicus curiae in this matter,
submitted that unless the consent was obtained by such fraud as under
Matrimonial law would entitle the petitioner to have the marriage declared
invalid or obtain a decree of nullity, the petitioner would not be entitled to a
decree. She further submitted that even if such fraud is established, the Court
has to consider the conduct of the petitioner and to see whether such right to
obtain a decree for nullity is lost to the petitioner by reason of acquiescence,
approbation, condonation or waiver. She submitted that fraud under Matrimonial
law must be of such a nature that the Court would come to the conclusion that
there was no real consent to the marriage and submitted that this happens only
in two ways; (1) if there is misunderstanding or mistake regarding the nature of
ceremonies of the marriage; and (2) if there is a mistake regarding the identity
of the person to whom the other person is married. She submitted further that no
amount of mis-representation regarding the quality, status or fortune of the
person which might have induced the other side to agree to marry will render the
marriage a nullity. She submitted that if a person who has consented, is capable
of consenting and he has consented to the marriage, then the marriage must be
held to be valid. She has also pointed out according to Clause 42 of the Letters
Patent of the Supreme Court in Bombay and Clause 35 of 1865 High Court
Establishment Act and under Clause 30 of the Letters Patent 1865, the High Court
is exercising the matrimonial jurisdiction. She has submitted that on a correct
interpretation of Section 7 of the Indian Divorce Act, what is required by the
Courts in India to be followed are rules and principles of English Courts and
not the substantive law in England. She submitted that only principles of
procedural law and gwasi-substantive law may be interpreted while taking
recourse to Section 7 for consideration and further submitted that the new
grounds for granting relief cannot be considered as grounds for granting relief
in India if they do not form part under the Indian Divorce Act. She has also
pointed out certain authorities with regard to the publication of banns, but as
Mr. Sethna has not pressed the petition on non-publication of banns resulting
into a fraud which would vitiate the consent given by the petitioner, I do not
wish to dwell upon that aspect. Commenting upon the evidence, Mrs. Manohar
pointed out that there is no allegation either in the petition or in the
evidence led by the petitioner that any representations were made by the
respondent herself. She further pointed out that with regard to the allegations
about the representations made by others, there is neither any averment in the
petition nor any statement in evidence to show that the persons making such
representations knew that the representations made were false. She submitted
that if one were to read, the letters of the girl which the petitioner has
obtained from the wife of the co-respondent, it would go to show that the
respondent has-kept it concealed about her own affair with the co-respondent
from her own parents and other relatives. She further submitted that if one were
to look at the conduct of the petitioner subsequent to the marriage, it would be
difficult to come to the conclusion that this petitioner would not have given
his consent to marry the respondent if representations with regard to her
bearing good moral character or regarding her virginity were not made. She
submits that these representations are alleged to have been made first by
certain relations in Poona to the maternal uncle of the petitioner and then in
two meetings by the parents of the respondent on April 28, 1968 and May 12,
1968. She further submits that the marriage of the petitioner and the respondent
took place on May 27, 1068; that it is the case of the petitioner that he
discovered on the same night that the respondent was not a virgin and not a
woman of good moral character; that the respondent, according to the petitioner,
confessed this before the petitioner and inspite of that, the petitioner and the
respondent stayed together for two days at the petitioner's house at Pimpri and
thereafter they stayed together for a day at the house of the respondent's
parents; that as stated in the petition, though not stated in the evidence, the
petitioner and the respondent stayed for six days at the house of Pandit in
Bombay and that between June 1968 and January 1969, the petitioner and the
respondent stayed together at Pimpri at the house of the petitioner. She
submitted that even though the petitioner has stated on oath that during all
these period, he had' no sexual intercourse with the respondent, the fact that
the petitioner and the respondent stayed together is indicative that even after
knowing that the respondent was not of good moral character or a virtuous
virgin, the petitioner continued to stay with her. She pointed out that witness
Prabhune who has been examined by the petitioner to establish the allegations of
adultery, has also deposed that he had met respondent at the peitioner's house
and he knew the respondent as Kalpana and as the wife of the petitioner at
Pimpri on August 15, 1968 and thereafter on two more occasions at the same place
at Pimpri, Prabhune met the respondent at the petitioner's house on all those
occasions and the respondent Kal-pana was residing at the petitioner's place as
petitioner's wife. Mrs. Manohar further submitted that if the Court holds that
the marriage is void as into, then the principles of condonation will have no
application. But if the Court comes to the conclusion that the marriage is
voidable at the instance of a party in a case where the party's consent has been
obtained by fraud, it is possible for the Court to apply principles analogous to
the doctrine of condonation and in view of the conduct of the petitioner which
she had pointed out, the Court should refuse to grant any relief to the
petitioner. Mrs. Manohar submitted that even otherwise the Court may refuse to
grant reliefs to a party if the circumstances show that the petitioner had
accepted the marriage inspite of his consent being obtained by fraud. Mrs.
Manohar submitted that granting any relief on such a petition which is filed
about four years after the marriage on the allegation that on the very night of
the marriage the petitioner realised that his consent was obtained by fraud,
that he allowed the respondent to stay with him at his own place and even after
she went to her parents' place, brought her back to his own place at Pimpri
between June 1968 and January, 1969, and declaring the marriage to be void or
granting a decree of nullity of marriage would be inequitable and against the
public policy to grant relief to such a petitioner. Pointing out certain
passages from 'Rayden on Divorce', Mrs. Manohar submitted that normally the
doctrine of condonation applies to matrimonial offences which offences have been
committed by either spouse subsequent to the marriage. Generally matrimonial"
offences are adultery, cruelty or desertion. Even in such cases of matrimonial
offences, if the spouse who condones the other party and reinstates the other
spouse in the original position, then oh the original cause of action viz.,
matrimonial offence which might have given some right in favour of the wronged
spouse, it is lost to him. She submitted that it is true that if the married
couple had sexual relations after condonation, it may help the Court to come to
the conclusion that there was reinstatement. But she submitted that it is not a
necessary ingredient and unless a statute makes it a necessary ingredient for
reinstatement, reinstatement can be inferred from the conduct of the parties to
indicate clearly that the "wronged spouse has condoned the other side. She
further submitted that it is correct to say that even after reinstatement and
condonation, it is always a conditional condonation and on breach of the
condition, revival of the old original matrimonial offence takes place in favour
of the original "wronged spouse. For the submission's stated above, Mrs. Manohar
relied upon 'Rayden on Divorce' paras. 42, 43 and 46, which deal with the
subject of condonation, reinstatement and revival of condoned offence. It is
observed in para. 42 'Rayden on Divorce', 11th edn., (p. 1136):

     Condonation is the reinstatement in his or her former marital position of a
spouse who has committed a matrimonial wrong of which all material facts are
known to the other spouse, with the intention of forgiving and remitting the
wrong, on condition that the spouse whose wrong is so condoned does not
thenceforward commit any further matrimonial offence. Condonation therefore
consists of a factum of reinstatement and an animus remittendi. Adultery or
cruelty shall not be deemed to have been condoned by reason only of a
continuation or resumption of cohabitation between the parties for one period
not exceeding three months, or of anything done during such cohabitation, in it
is proved that cohabitation was continued or resumed, as the case may be, with a
view to effecting a reconciliation.

   Paragraph 43 states (p. 1138):

     Mere forgiveness of a matrimonial offence, whether expressed orally or by
letter, cannot amount to condonation, unless it is followed by the reinstatement
of the offending spouse in his or her former marital position. Although the best
evidence of such reinstatement is the continuance, or resumption, of sexual
intercourse, there may be a resumption of conjugal cohabitation sufficient to
constitute a reinstatement without sexual intercourse: conversely, there may be
sexual intercourse not amounting to reinstatement. But nothing short of full
reconciliation will suffice; therefore if the guilty party does not consent to
be forgiven there is no condonation.

   Paragraph 46 states (p. 1143) :

     The reinstatement and forgiveness of a guilty spouse is subject to a
condition implied by law that he or she shall commit no further matrimonial
offence. If, therefore, a further matrimonial offence is committed the
condonation is cancelled and the old cause of complaint is revived.

   Mrs. Manohar also relied upon Latey on Divorce, 15th edn., wherein it is
stated (p. 157):

     On a petition for divorce it was the duty of the court to inquire whether
there had been any condonation by the petitioner and if the court was satisfied
on the evidence that the proved adultery or cruelty was not condoned it had to
pronounce a decree, but if not so satisfied dismiss the petition.

     The court was bound to act on evidence of condonation even if it is not
pleaded.

   She also pointed out passages from Mulla on Hindu Law and submitted that more
or less the same is the position as held by our Courts in matters of matrimonial
disputes. She submitted that it is the duty of the Court to he satisfied before
granting any relief under matrimonial petition and it is always in the
discretion of the Court whether the relief should be granted or not to a
particular party. More or less, the commentary is on the same lines and she
submitted that the doctrine of condonation is applied to matrimonial offences
like cruelty or adultery under Section 23 of the Hindu Marriage Act also, She
frankly pointed out and that was also submitted by Mr. Sethna that if one were
to look to the position of the Indian Divorce Act, the reference to condonation
is with regard to the matrimonial offences, wherein a party is entitled to
dissolution, of a marriage. Sections 12, 13 and 14 refer to the condonation and
relying upon these provisions, Mr. Sethna submitted that doctrine of condonation
has no application whatsoever on a petition for declaring marriage a nullity
under Sections 18 and 19, Mrs. Manohar, however, pointed out that though
principles of condonation may strictly not apply to voidable contracts or
voidable marriages, principles analogous to the principles of condonation are
applicable and she submitted that even for offences other than matrimonial
offences like bestiality, sodomy or rape also, principles analogous to
condonation are applied by English Courts. She has also cited four or five
authorities and she also referred to Rayden on Divorce, para. 18 (p. 300) :

     Voidable marriages: delay: recognition of the marriage-Delay in bringing a
suit for nullity on the ground of impotence or of wilful refusal to consummate
the marriage is a material element: there is no bar arising from delay alone,
even if culpable; though apart from the mere fact of delay, there may be facts
and circumstances proved which so plainly imply on the part of the complaining
spouse a recognition of the existence and validity of the marriage as to render
it inequitable and contrary to "public policy to permit him or her effectually
to challenge it: in this context, culpable delay is material. Time only begins
to run for this purpose as from the date when the petitioner is aware of his or
her legal rights.

   Relying upon these passages, Mrs. Manohar submitted that in England, by
Section 3 of the Nullity of Marriage Act, 1971, there is a provision which fixes
the period of three years as a period of limitation for relief of declaring
marriage a nullity. She submitted that though under the Indian Divorce Act,
there is no period of limitation and even if the Court wants to consider Section
7 of the Indian Divorce Act, the statutory provisions of English law are not
applicable. Taking into consideration all the facts, if the Court finds the
delay on the part of the petitioner such that it would be inequitable or
contrary to public policy to grant him the relief, the Court should not grant.
She has relied upon Cramp v. Cramp and Freeman [1920] P. 158 which lays down:

     Condonation, as applied to matrimonial offences, though frequently defined
as conditional forgiveness, is not forgiveness in the ordinary sense, but would
be more properly defined as conditional reinstatement of the offending spouse.
It is always subject to the condition that the offence must not recur.
Resumption by the husband of connubial intercourse with his wife, when he has
full knowledge of her adultery, is conclusive proof of condonation. It cannot be
rebutted by the fact that he never forgave her, though that fact is admitted by
the wife.

   In Bertram v. Bertram [1944] P. 59 it is stated:

     In the case of a wife's petition for divorce on the ground of cruelty,
which she had condoned, very slight evidence of a resumption, of the cruelty
condoned id needed, as shewing cruelty of character, to prevent the condonation
from being a bar to the petition.

     The fact that condonation is not pleaded by the respondent does not prevent
the judge from investigating and adjudicating on facts which seem to show
condonation where those facts transpire in the evidence of the petitioner
himself or herself.

   In Henderson v. Henderson [1944] A.C. 49 it has been laid down as follows:

     Sexual intercourse amounts to condonation of a wife's adultery unless she
induced it by a fraudulent misstatement of fact. A breach of an assurance as to
future conduct will not remove the disabling consequences of condonation, since
there is no such thing as contingent condonation.

   She has also referred to Perry v. Perry [1952] P. 203 where it is held:

     ...(1) that desertion as a ground for divorce differs from the other
Statutory grounds of adultery and cruelty, in that the offence founding the
cause of action is not complete until the action is constituted, i.e., the
petition is presented. The conception of condonation either in strictness or by
analogy has no application to the continuing matrimonial offence of desertion as
defined in Section X (1)(b) of the Matrimonial Causes Act, 1950.

     (2) That a resumption of cohabitation in the sense of the setting up of a
matrimonial home together, accompanied by a common intention on the part of both
spouses to do so, is necessary to end or interrupt desertion. Accordingly,
sexual intercourse between a deserted and a deserting spouse unaccompanied by
the setting up of any such home or by any intention to do so cannot end or
interrupt the state of desertion whether the deserter is the husband or the wife
and whether or not the intercourse leads to the birth of a child.

   Mrs. Manohar submitted that according to the principles analogous to those of
condonation, if applied in the present ease, the conduct of the petitioner
referred to above qua the respondent for a period up to nine months after the
marriage, would indicate that the wife was reinstated in the house by the
husbandpetitioner after full knowledge about the alleged fraud having been
perpetrated on him for obtaining his consent for the marriage. She submitted
that even assuming the principles of condonation were not applicable to the
present case, it is open to the Court not to grant any relief to the petitioner
whose conduct immediately after the knowledge of the fraud and continuously
thereafter for nine months qua the wife and not filing any petition for a period
of four years, are sufficient for the Court as it would be inequitable and
against the public policy to grant relief to such a petitioner. Both Mr. Sethna
and Mrs. Manohar have submitted before me that Moss v. Moss [1897] P. 263 is the
most important case on the interpretation of the word 'fraud' which appears in
the last part of Section 19 of the Indian Divorce Act, though the decision in
Moss v. Moss was under the English statute. It is also submitted before me, both
by Mr. Sethna and Mrs. Manohar that inspite of the diligent search, they have
not come across a single decision either under the canon law or under the
statute law of England or under the Indian Christian Marriage Act wherein the
Court has considered the question of consent being obtained by misrepresentation
or false representation regarding the moral character or virginity of the bride
at the time of the agreement to marry by the bridegroom. But Mr. Sethna
submitted that Moss v. Moss was a case wherein husband had filed a suit for
nullity of marriage on the ground of fraud on the part of the respondent. It was
a case where the pregnancy of the bride at the time of the marriage by another
man was concealed by the bride from the bridegroom and this fact came to the
knowledge of the husband after the marriage on the wife having delivered a child
and the husband had filed a suit for a declaration that the marriage was null
and void. It is submitted by Mr. Sethna that good moral character or virginity
of a bride is an important factor and misrepresentation or false representation
or concealment of such a fact constituted a fraud in the cssentialia of the
marital relation. Sir F.H. Jeune, President of the Court while considering
arguments advanced before him has held (p. 266):

     ...It would perhaps be sufficient for me to say that for this proposition
no authority in the English law can be found, and it would be impossible for
this Court, at the present day, to give assent to a principle of such
importance, and so far-reaching, without the sanction of precedent.

   Referring to Swift v. Kelly [1835] 3 Knapp 257, at 293 the President quoted
(p. 266) :

     It should seem, indeed, to be the general law of all countries, as it
certainly is of England, that unless there be Some positive provision of statute
law, requiring certain things to be done in a specified manner, no marriage
shall be held void merely upon proof that it had been contracted upon false
representations, and that but for such contrivances, consent never would have
been obtained. Unless the party imposed upon has been deceived as to the person,
and thus has given no consent at all, there is no degree of deception which can
avail to set aside a contract of marriage knowingly made'.

   It has been further observed that (p. 267) :

     ...While habitually speaking of marriage as a contract, English lawyers
have never been misled by an imperfect analogy into regarding it as a mere
contract, or into investing it with all the qualities and conditions of ordinary
civil contracts. They have expressed their Sense of its distinctive character in
different language, but always to the same effect.

   It has been further observed while distinguishing fraud in respect of
ordinary civil contracts and fraud in respect of a contract of marriage as under
(p. 268) :

     ...when in English law fraud is spoken of as a "ground for avoiding a
marriage, this does not include such fraud as induces a consent, but is limited
to such fraud as procures the appearance without the reality of consent. The
simplest instance of such fraud is personation, or such a case as that supposed
by Lord Ellenborough in The King v. The Inhibitants of Burton-upon-Trent (1815)
3 M. & Section 537 of a man assuming a name to conceal himself from the person
to whom he is to be married.... In all these, and I believe in every case where
fraud has been held to be the ground for declaring a marriage null, it has been
such fraud as has procured the form without the substance of agreement, and in
which the marriage has been annulled, not because of the presence of fraud, but
because of the absence of consent.

   Referring to Wakefield v. Mackay (1807) 1 Phillim. 134, n., at 137 the
President further quoted (p. 269) :

     'Error about the family or fortune of the individual, though procured by
disingenuous representations, does not at all affect the validity of the
marriage'.

   It has been quoted further from Ewing v. Wheatley (1814) 2 Hagg. Cons. 175,
183 as under:

     'It is perfectly established, that no disparity of fortune, or mistake as
to the qualities of the person, will impeach the vinculum of marriage;'

   Quoting from Sullivan v. Sullivan (1818) 2 Hagg. Cons. 238, at p. 248 the
President quotes:

     The strongest case you could establish of the most deliberate plot, leading
to a marriage the most unseemly in all disproportions of rank, of fortune, of
habits of life, and even of age itself, would not enable this Court to release
him from chains, which, though forged by others, he had revetted on himself. If
he is capable of consent, and has consented, the law does not ask how the
consent has been induced'.(p. 269)

   Observing further, it has been stated (p. 271) :

     'And tho there is nothing more contrary to consent than error, yet every
error does not exclude consent. Wherefore I shall here consider what kind of
error it is, according to the canon law, that hinders or impeaches a matrimonial
consent and renders it null and void ab initio'.

   Observing further it has been stated (p. 272) :

     'Now there are four species of error, which are hereunto referred. The
first is stiled error personae, as when I have thoughts of marrying Ursula; yet
by my mistake of the person I have marryd Isabella. For an error of this kind is
not only an impediment to a marriage contract, but it even dissolves the
contract itself, through a defect of consent in the person contracting.... A
second species is stiled an error of condition; as when I think to marry a free
woman, and through a mistake I have contracted wedlock with a bondwoman and so
vice versa; for by the canon law such an error is an impediment to a matrimonial
contract, But as there is now no such thing among Christians as persons that are
truly bondmen or bondwomen (this kind of bondage or servitude being now
abolish'd among us by the advantage of the Christian religion) I shall not long
insist on this head.... The third species is what we call error fortunes; and is
when I think to marry a rich wife and in truth have contracted matrimony with a
poor one. But this error does not, even by the canon law, dissolve a marriage"
contract made simply and without any condition subsisting. But 'tis otherwise by
that law if I have contracted with a person to marry her upon condition that she
is worth so many thousands pounds, and the condition is not made good. The last
species is stiled an error of qualityviz., when a person is mistaken in respect
of the other's quality, with whom he or she contracts. As when a man marries
Berta, believing her to be a chaste virgin, or of a noble family and the like,
and afterwards finds her to be a person deflower'd or of a mean parentage. But
according to the common opinion of the doctors this does not render the marriage
invalid; because matrimony celebrated under such kind of error, is point of
consent, is deem'd to be simply voluntary as to the nature and substance of it,
though in respect of the accidents 'tis not voluntary'.

   Thus, analysing different types of errors, it has been clearly laid down by
this authority that except in the kinds of errors as to person, in error with
regard to quality of a spouse, there "is no other ground for granting a decree
for nullity. Mr. Sethna, however, relying upon the observations"but it is
otherwise by that law if I have contracted with a person to mary her upon
condition that she is worth so many thousands pounds, and the condition is not
made good", submitted that in the present case, the petitioner had made it
abundantly clear that he would marry a girl of a good moral character or who was
a virtuous virgin and a special inquiry was made' on behalf of the petitioner
and on such inquiry false representations were made by the parents of the
respondent. He submitted that even if one were to follow Moss v. Mass, this is a
peculiar case where if the Court accepts the evidence of the petitioner, it was
almost a condition made it clear to the other side that the petitioner was
interested only in marrying a girl of good moral character and who is a virtuous
virgin and knowing that he would not otherwise marry, false representations were
made and his consent was obtained by fraud. On the other hand, Mrs. Manohar has
stated that at the most, it can be said that these are representations regarding
the quality of the bride and, in any event, there is nothing on record to show
that the representations were made by the parents with the knowledge that the
girl was not of good moral character or was not a virgin. Thus Mrs. Manohar
stated that even assuming the arguments of Mr. Sethna to be taken into
consideration in this particular case, the petitioner is not entitled to any
relief of declaring his marriage null and void. Referring to the observations
made by the President in Moss v. Moss, while referring to Reynolds v. Reynolds
the President observed that (p. 275):

     ...fraud vitiates a marriage just as it does other contracts, but that the
fraud must be 'in the essentialia of the marriage relation,' and that the fraud
of a woman in concealing her pregnancy by a man other than her intended husband
at the time of her marriage is such a fraud.

   It is further observed that (p. 275):

     ...a fraud in the essentialia of marriage for two reasonsfirst, because a
child may be born which, according to the presumption of law, will be the
husband's, though not really his; and, secondly, because the woman, at the time
of marriage, is incapable of bearing a child to her husband.

   The President further observed (p. 275) :

     ...The departure...(of the American Courts) from the law of England
consists not only in unduly extending the analogy between the law of marriage
and the law of other contracts, but more especially in declaring a circumstance
to be of the essence of marriage which the English law does not so hold.
According to English Law, as I have above said, the only material circumstance
by operating on which fraud vitiates a marriage is the reality of consent.

   Discussing further Reynolds v. Reynolds, the President observed:

     ...the reasoning, when looked at in all its parts, is unsatisfactory.

   He further observed (p. 276):

     It appears to me impossible to say that it is immaterial that a wife has
been unchaste and immaterial that she has become pregnant by that unchastity,
but it is material if such pregnancy continues till the marriage. I could
understand a broad principle that unchastity before marriage should vitiate the
contract, as some legislatures have I believe, enacted that it shall, on the
ground that a man believes he is making a pure woman his wife. But that is
assuredly not the law of England, and, unless there is to be one law for a man
and another for a woman, it is impossible to suppose it ever could be.

   Thus in the ease before the Court, for fraud by concealment by a woman from
her husband at the time of the marriage the fact that she was then pregnant by
another man, the Court held that the marriage could not be declared null and
void. As stated above, this is the most important and the only case directly
dealing with the question of fraud as contemplated by Section 19 of the Indian
Divorce Act. I see considerable force in Mrs. Manohar's argument that taking
into consideration all what is observed in Moss v. Moss, it is very clear that
according to the English concept, mere fraudulent reprentation with regard to
the quality of a spouse cannot form the basis of fraud for obtaining consent
from the other spouse. In other words, if the spouse is capable of giving
consent and has gone through the marriage ceremony with consent, certain
representations though made during the stage of negotiations may be false,
cannot provide ground to declare the marriage null and void. Against this, Mr.
Sethna submitted that it is now very well recognised that a marriage is a civil
contract and even though it may be something more than a civil contract and may
be also a sacrament, the fact that the consent to enter into an agreement for
marriage was obtained by false representations and those representations have
been proved to be false and made deliberately with the knowledge that they were
false would be sufficient to lead to the conclusion that the consent obtained of
the other spouse was vitiated as consent obtained by fraud. Mr. Sethna further
submitted that the correct approach would be to apply all principles applicable
under the Contract Act and any fraud which would vitiate any other contract
would be also sufficient to vitiate the contract of marriage. He submitted that
on the same footing, countries like America and other countries in the continent
have held that such misrepresentations would amount to fraud for obtaining
consent for marriage and this Court should also take a liberal view of the
matter and instead of being bound down by what has been laid down in Moss v.
Moss, the most important case on the subject, and though there is no other case
on the same subject or the same question by English Courts, looking to the
tendency towards liberalism by enacting laws to liberalise the grounds for
declaring a marriage null and void or ground for divorce, this Court should also
in line with the liberal thinking, hold that it is a sufficient ground for
declaring marriage null and void if once it is established that the consent was
obtained by fraud especially in conditions which are material for marriage such
as quality of a woman being of a good moral character or a virgin. He submitted
that by subsequent legislation to set aside the effect of what has been laid
down by Moss v. Moss, it has been specifically made a ground for declaring a
marriage to be null and void if the bride conceals from the bridegroom at the
time of marriage the fact of being pregnant and if that fact is revealed to the
husband subsequent, by. Against these arguments of Mr. Sethna, Mrs. Manohar has
submitted that English Courts and English Legislature have thought of
misrepresentation regarding the fact of the girl being pregnant at the time of
entering into an agreement of marriage by another person and concealment of that
fact from the person from whom consent has been obtained, but neither the
English Parliament nor English decisions have shown that the same effect should
be given to misrepresentations with regard to a girl being of good moral
character or of virgin.

   8. Mr. Sethna submitted before me that in the interpretation of Section 7 of
the Indian Divorce Act, what the Indian Courts are required to do are to follow
the principles and rules on which the Courts in England for the time being act
and give reliefs. He submitted that the Legislature contemplated while
introducing Section 7 that all the changes which occur in England either by
decisions by Court or by legislation should automatically become matters for
consideration of Courts in India while disposing of petitions under Indian
Divorce Act of 1869. Mr. Setlna submitted that this section was kept not only
during the time when the British Regime was ruling India, but even after the
passing of the Constitution the section has been, continued and that clearly
shows that in the matter of matrimonial disputes between Indian Christians, the
Courts in India should follow the principles and rules on which the Court for
divorce and matrimonial causes in England for the time being acts and gives
relief, Mr. Sethna relying upon D.M. Raju v. S. Janaki [1974] A.I.R. Mys. 61
submitted that in interpreting the word 'fraud' under Section 19, the Mysore
High Court without invoking the aid of Section 7 has held that "the fact that
the woman was pregnant at the time of marriage from a man other than the
petitioner husband would mean that the consent to marriage was obtained by fraud
within the meaning of Section 19" and a decree of nullity was issued. This
decision has followed a previous decision of George v. Jaya [1965] 2 Mys. L.J.
383. No doubt Mrs. Manohar has pointed out that there are observations in this
very judgment which show hesitation on the part of the learned Judge in
accepting the principle, but it appears that the Court felt that it was bound by
the previous decision in George v. Jaya, that the Court granted a decree and
pointed out para. 11, wherein it has been observed (p. 63):

     ...I could not readily agree with and it was at that stage I requested Sri
V. Krishna-murthi to argue as an amicus curiae in this case. The reason for the
doubt I entertained at that stage was two-fold; (i) that even in England the
ground that the respondent was at the time of the marriage pregnant by some
person other than the petitioner became available only on the enactment of
Matrimonial Causes Act, 1937; and (ii) in a comparative piece of legislation in
force in India, that is, the Hindu Marriage Act, the above ground is dealt with
as separate and distinct from the ground that the consent of the petitioner for
the marriage is obtained by force or fraud (See Section 12(1)(c) and (4) of the
Hindu Marriage Act.)

   It was urged by Mrs. Manohar that in that case, Mr. Krishnamurthy who was
appearing as amicus curiae, supported the view taken in George v. Jaya, case
and, therefore, the Court did not find real assistance in the matter. Mr. Sethna
submitted that there is no warrant for such an inference if Mr. Krishna-murthy,
appearing as amicus curiae, agreed with the principles laid down in the previous
Mysore case, and in assisting the Court he was; not doing anything wrong in
supporting that decision. As observed before, as in England, now there is a
specific provision for granting a decree for nullity on the ground of
concealment of pregnancy by another person by the bride from the other spouse at
the time of the marriage. Even if Courts in India would have considered it to be
fraud, inspite of the fact that under the old decision of Mosa v. Moss it was
not so held, I do not think that it is sufficient for this Court to enlarge the
definition of fraud and include even misrepresentation or concealment of the
fact of not being of good moral character or virgin within the meaning of
Section 19 of the Indian Divorce Act, especially when a person to whom the
representations are made was capable of understanding and after understanding
has given his consent to the marriage and has undergone the marriage ceremony. I
am of the opinion that marriage is not a simple civil contract, but it is more
than a civil contract, a sacrament and the Courts should be reluctant to
introduce any such changes which are not warranted either by English decisions
or English legislation and which may create a scope for parties to obtain
collusive decrees by making such allegations and when undefended to obtain
decree for nullity. Mr. Sethna submitted that the Courts are always there
vigilant enough to find out whether the evidence is reliable or not and the
Courts may not grant decree when the Courts are not satisfied with the evidence,
but if satisfactory evidence is led about the material condition, according to
him for marriage viz., that the girl should fee of good moral character or a
virgin and if by false representations or by concealment of true facts the
bridegroom is induced to give his consent, the Courts should grant relief under
Section 19, holding that such consent was obtained by fraud. Mr. Sethna also
relied upon certain authorities and has strongly relied upon Ramesh Saraiya v.
Kusum Madgaokar . In this case, it has been held that:

     The Court which passes a decree for nullity of marriage, under Section 19
of the Indian Divorce Act, 1869, has also jurisdiction, under Section 7 of the
Act, to grant permanent alimony to the wife. The omission of the Legislature to
provide for this relief under Section 37 does not in any -way militate against
the power of the Court to follow the principle and rule in England and to give
the necessary relief under Section 7 of the Act.

   Dealing with Mr. Taraporewalla 's argument that it is only in giving relief
that the principles and rules on which the English Court of Divorce and
Matrimonial Causes acts that should be taken into consideration and further
dealing with Mr. Taraporewalla's argument that as far as the relief itself is
concerned, that relief must be expressly found in the statute, Chief Justice
Chagla observed (p. 433) :

     ...That contention, in my opinion, is entirely untenable in view of the
plain language of the section itself. The section does not speak that in giving
relief the Court should act on principles and rules of the English Courts, but
it directs the Courts here to act and to give relief on principles and rules
prevailing in England. Of course, the section is prefaced by the opening words
'subject to the provisions contained in this Act, and, therefore, it is not open
to the Court here to give any relief or to act in any manner which is contrary
to or inconsistent with any provision contained in the Act. The object of
enacting this section was to make the Indian divorce law flexible and not
static. The intention was that the law here should develop alongside with the
English law. It may seem surprising that it should be left to the Legislature of
another country to mould and modify the law of this country. It was surprising
enough when India was a Dependency in the Empire. It seems to be even more
surprising today that such a provision should find place in the Divorce Act of
this country when India has now become a full-fledged Dominion as sovereign as
England herself. In my opinion Section 7 lays down this rule of law that the
Court must consider every time it proceeds to act or give relief what is the
relevant English law on the subject, and unless it finds that the jurisdiction
of the Court to grant the same relief or act in the same manner is expressly
negatived by any provision of the Act, it must do so. There must be either a
clear negativing of the jurisdiction of the Court or there must be express and
unequivocal terms in which the Legislature must have prevented and prohibited
the Courts here from acting in the manner in which the English Courts would act
or giving the same relief that the English Courts would give on the same facts
and on the same materials.

   Relying upon these observations, Mr. Sethna submitted that under Section 7,
it is for the Courts in India to consider the principles and rules on which the
Courts for divorce and matrimonial causes in England for the time being act and
give reliefs. He submitted that it is true that there is though not a direct
decision of the English Courts on the proper construction and interpretation of
the way in which the Law in England has developed, it is open to this Court to
interpret the word 'fraud' in the manner so as to include fraud in obtaining
consent by making false representations with regard to the good moral character
or virginity of a bride and by making such false representations inducing the
other spouse, the bridegroom, to agree to such a marriage. Mrs. Manohar, on the
other hand, submitted that even assuming that Ramesh Saraiya v. Kusum Madgaokar
lays down that s. T, does not limit its scope to only procedural laws and it may
enable the Courts in India to follow the substantive law also, as laid down by
English Courts, this decision "nowhere lays down that the Courts in India can
enlarge the scope of fraud and make the law of ordinary contract applicable to a
contract of marriage. She submitted that marriage is not only a contract, but it
is a civil contract and a sacrament and the Court should give a strict
interpretation and in her submission, the very fact that concealment of
pregnancy has become a specific ground for obtaining a decree for nullity shows
that the Legislature did not want other types of fraud which may vitiate an
ordinary contract but this concealment should also be considered as fraud for
vitiating the contract for marriage. Mrs. Manohar further submitted that the
case before the Division Bench in Ramesh Saraiya v. Kusun Madgaokar was with
regard to providing permanent alimony, whereas the Indian Divorce Act was silent
on the subject. Relying upon the separate judgment of Tendolkar J. in Ramesh
Saraiya v. Kusum Madgaokwr, which was no doubt a concurrent judgment with that
of Chief Justice Chagla, on the question of interpreting Section 7, Mr. Sethna
submitted that the Court should not be afraid of the consequences if for the
correct interpretation of Section 7, the Court has to follow the principles and
rules on which the English Court in divorce and matrimonial cases for the time
being act and give reliefs and has to expand the meaning of the word 'fraud' and
even has to differ from what has been laid down in Moss v. Moss. According to
Mr. Sethna, taking into consideration the development of law on the subject in
England and looking to the present trend, the Court should not be hesitant to
apply even to the contract of marriage the same principle which would otherwise
apply to any other civil contract. Though I see some force in Mr. Sethna's
argument, I do not think that I can accept such a proposition in view of no
clear indication either by the case law or by the statute law in England, as
indicated, of obtaining a consent from the bridegroom on misrepresentations or
false representations regarding the moral character or virginity of the bride,
Mr. Sethna submitted relying upon Sumathi Animal v. Paul (1935) I.L.R. 59 Mad.
518, F.b. that even changes of statutory provisions in England should be taken
into consideration by Indian Courts. As I am not required to consider this
aspect, I do not wish to consider that authority as there has been no statutory
change in respect of obtaining consent by fraud viz. by misrepresentations
regarding good moral character or virginity. Mr. Sethna has relied upon one more
authority viz. Wilkinson v. Wilkinson . After dealing with the interpretation of
Section 7 of the Indian Divorce Act and considering the words 'for the time
being acts and gives relief, their Lordships have held that the above words were
inserted to prevent the principles of law being rigidly fixed as at 1869. Of
course that was a case considering the question of jurisdiction over people who
were not residents in India.

   9. Mr. Sethna also drew my attention to some of the Indian decisions under
Hindu Marriage Act. Mr. Sethna relying upon Aykut v. Aykut submitted that the
Calcutta High Court in this

   decision while considering Section 19 has held that:

     Christian woman marrying another person on his assurance that he was
Christian though in fact he was MahomedanMarriage can be annulled.

     The policy of the Act does not contemplate a valid marriage between a
Christian and a person professing a religion which is not monogamous.

     Where a Christian woman has entered into marriage with another person on
the latter's assurance at the time of celebration of marriage that he was a
Christian and it is subsequently found out that he was a Mahomedan at that time,
the marriage can be annulled.

   He also has relied upon Bimla Bai v. Shankerlal .

   which was a case under Hindu law and in which an illegitimate son was
represented as son and the Court has held that:

     The consideration that the bride's father had not made adequate enquiries
and was thus negligent, would not help because the effect of false
representation is not got rid of on the ground that the person to whom it was
made has been guilty of negligence.

     There was misrepresentation which amounted to fraud and consequently the
marriage which was induced by it is liable to be set aside.

   He has also relied upon Vermani v. Vermani [1943] A.I.R. Lah. 51, S.B. where
the Court has held that:

     A a Hindu who was already married according to Hindu rites to a Hindu woman
B falsely represented to C a Christian woman that he was a Christian and a
bachelor and married her. In the petition for dissolution of the marriage by C:

     Held that the onus was on A to prove that he was converted to Christianity
and that he was a Christian at the date of his marriage to B and therefore his
marriage to B not being legal, marriage with C was legal. A having failed to
discharge that onus C was entitled to a decree of nullity under Section 19(4).

   Relying upon these authorities, Mr. Sethna submitted that if according to
these Courts, misrepresentations regarding the caste or religion can amount to
fraud, this Court in interpreting the word 'fraud' under Section 19, should
enlarge the meaning to include misrepresentation with regard to good moral
character or virginity and obtaining consent on such representations as playing
a fraud upon the spouse whose consent was induced by such misrepresentations.

   10. Mr. Sethna also relied upon American Jurisprudence 2nd, Vol. 52, page
888, 30, 'Fraud'-.

     A marriage may be held invalid for lack of consent if it was procured or
induced by fraud. But not every kind of fraud or misrepresentation will be held
to render the marriage defective. Some courts have said that a misrepresentation
of a material fact, made with the intention of inducing the other party to enter
the marriage relation, and without which he would not have done so, is
sufficient to render the marriage voidable. Other courts have said that, to make
the marriage voidable, the fraud must be of such a character as to go to the
very essence of the marriage contract, and to affect the injured party's free
consent to such contract, In determining the nature and kind of fraud that will
vitiate a marriage contract, the age and mental condition of the person
defrauded are important and, at times, controlling factors.

   It is further stated that (p. 889):

     As a general rule, a marriage procured or induced by fraud is not
absolutely void, but only voidable, and is valid for all civil purposes unless
and until avoided by the deceived party. Thus, there may be a binding
ratification of a marriage induced by fraud. Such ratification may result from
voluntary cohabitation of the parties with full knowledge of the facts.

   He has also relied upon American Jurisprudence 2nd, Vol. 4, Article 38
Concealed premarital unchastity or parenthood (p. 466):

     While concealment by the wife of premarital incontinence which has not
resulted in pregnancy at the time of the marriage generally does not constitute
a ground for an annulment, the rule is different where there are circumstances
involving fraud, or where an express warranty of premarital chastity was exacted
as a condition of consent to marry; in such cases misrepresentations or
concealment of premarital sexual misbehaviour may constitute a ground for
annulment.

   Relying on these observations, Mr. Sethna submitted that looking to the
general trend of the development of law and looking to the facts of this case,
this Court should hold that fraudulent representations by the parents or
concealment by the respondent herself of the fact of her not being of good moral
character or virgin by not stating anything when such representations were made
in her presence should be held as constituting fraud within the meaning of
Section 19 and the consent having been obtained under such fraud, the marriage
should be declared null and void, Mr. Sethna has also relied upon one more case
under the Hindu Marriage Act viz., Babui Panmato v. Ram Agya Singh which was a
case dealing with Section 12, Sub-section (1)(c) of the Hindu Marriage Act,
1955, where the words are more or less similar to that of Section 19 i.e.
"Misrepresentation as to age of bridegroom made to mother acting as agent and
daughter consenting to marriage believing the representation, her consent is
vitiated by fraud." This was a case where the father of the girl herself had
represented to his own daughter that he was giving her in marriage to a
bridegroom who was of a young age, whereas as a matter of fact, he was sixty
years old and the Court has held that such consent obtained by misrepresentation
even by the father of the girl would vitiate the contract. Mrs. Manohar, has
however, relied upon the latest decision of this CourtRaghunath Gopol v. Vijaya
Baghunath and has submitted that this is a judgment of this Court on the
interpretation of the word 'fraud' appearing under Section 12(1)(c), where the
provisions are almost similar to Section 19. It lays down as under:

     Section 12(1)(c), of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, does not speak of fraud
in any general way or of every misrepresentation or concealment which may be
fraudulent. A person who freely consents to a solemnization of the marriage
under the Act with the other party in accordance with customary ceremonies, that
is, with knowledge of the nature of the ceremonies and intention to marry,
cannot object to the validity of the marriage on the ground of fraudulent
representation or concealment. Therefore concealment of curable epilepsy and
false representation that a party to the marriage was healthy does not amount to
fraud within the meaning of that word used in Section 12(1)(c) of the Act.

   In this judgment, Malvankar J. has at length discussed this subject and has
discussed all the case law on the subject. Dealing with Bimla Bai v. Shankerlal,
Malvankar J. has, with respect, did not agree with the observation in the said
judgment. He has observed (p. 848) :

     ...In the first place, if the parties freely consented with knowledge of
the nature of the marriage and with the clear arid distinct intention of
entering into the marriage, the non-disclosure or concealment of caste would not
amount to fraud. Moreover, in my opinion, on general considerations of public
policy, misrepresentation as to caste should not be held fatal to a marriage
under the Hindu Law, much more so when the marriage is under the Hindu Marriage
Act, 1955, which applies to any person who is a Hindu as defined under Section 2
of that Act.

   Discussing the cases decided after the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, came into
force, Malvankar J. observed (p. 847):

     ...in Anatk Nath v. Lajjabati Devi the allegation

     of the husband was that during the bourse of the negotiations of the
marriage, the respondents represented to him that the wife Lajjabati Devi was of
sound health and was not suffering from any disease. However, after the marriage
it was discovered that she was suffering from tuberculosis from some time before
the marriage was gone through. Though this case was decided also on the point
that there was no allegation in the plaint that the alleged fraud was
perpetrated at the time of the solemnization of the marriage, the Calcutta High
Court observed that the marriage, according to Hindu Law, not being a contract,
the consent at the first stage though obtained by fraud cannot affect the
validity of the marriage.

   Referring to Harbhajan Singh v. Smt. Brij Balah [1964] A.I.R. Punj. 359 the
learned Judge has observed:

     In that case, the bridegroom was further assured that the character of the
respon dent was unblemished. On this assurance, his consent for the marriage was
obtained by the respondent. The Punjab High Court held that the fact that the
respondent was of bad character before the solemnization of the marriage could
not be a ground for the annulment of the marriage, because fraud as a ground for
the annulment of the marriage under the Hindu Law is limited only to those cases
where the consent of the petitioner at the solemnization of the marriage was
obtained by some sort of deception. It is not used in a general way, and on
every misrepresentation or concealment, the marriage cannot be dissolved. In
that case, the Punjab High Court also found that because there was a specific
Clause (d) of Section 12(1) dealing with such a matter, it indicated that the
Legislature did not intend that the past conduct of the respondent, except what
is mentioned in Clause (d), should become a ground for the dissolution of the
marriage. Similarly, in Surjit Kumar v. Smt. Raj Kumari the allegation was that

     the girl had an unchaste career and this fact was not disclosed to the
husband. On the contrary, it was generally represented to him that the girl was
good. The Punjab High Court held that a general observation by the relation of
the girl at the time of engagement to the effect that the girl was good did not
amount to obtaining consent of the husband by force or fraud within the meaning
of Section 12(1)(c) of the Hindu Marriage Act. They were not obliged to disclose
to the husband or his relations, without any enquiry from them about the old
unchastity of the girl, even if it was known to them. Merely keeping quiet about
such past history would not amount to obtaining the consent of the husband to
marriage by fraud. If the husband attached so much value to the past unchastity
of his would-be wife, he should have made enquiries on his own or from the
girl's relations at the time of the negotiation of the marriage. It is only then
he should be able to show that though the relations of the girl were aware of
her past unchastity, they misled him. (p. 847)

   Mr. Sethna however, submitted that the last part of the observations shows
that when one of the spouses makes it a condition or makes it known to the
relations of the other spouse that the bride must be of good moral character or
a virgin or make specific inquiries with regard to the good moral character or
virginity of the girl, then it would make all the difference and the Punjab High
Court would have held differently if those were the circumstances in the case
before it. Mrs. Manohar also relied upon the observation at p. 850 in the same
judgment:

     ...If the evidence shows that the husband or the wife, as the case may be,
after the fraud was discovered, lived together for whatever period as wife and
husband with" full consent, it would be sufficient for not entertaining the
petition for annulling the marriage.

   Malvankar J. on that ground also held that it was right for the lower Court
to have dismissed the petition.

   11. Mr. Sethna had also pointed out authorities of English Courts as well as
Indian Courts to the effect that delay in filing petition is not always fatal
and the Courts have condoned delay of even six years or as much as twenty-seven
years in cases where the petitioner could make out the case that the marriage
was void on the grounds mentioned in Section 19 and a decree for nullity has
been passed. It is true that there being no provision of any period of
limitation tinder the Indian Divorce Act, it is open to the Court to consider
petitions filed even after a lapse of four years, but I do not think that in
this particular case, delay of four years requires any consideration. As the
view that I have taken of the evidence of the petitioner and his witnesses, I
think that though principles of condonation may not apply directly, principles
analogous to condonation would apply, as according to me, the marriage is only
voidable and could be avoided by the petitioner only by filing a petition and
establishing that the consent was obtained by fraud. Till such a decree for
nullity has been obtained from a Court, the marriage is valid for all purposes
and it cannot be said that the marriage was void oh initio. The other ground of
non-publication of banns has not been pressed for nor the ground that though she
was not a steno-typist it was represented that she was a steno-typist has been
pressed for as grounds of making false-representations or misrepresentations
vitiating the consent of the husband. As stated before, Mr. Sethna has made it
clear that he had relied upon these representations in order to show that the
representations with regard to good moral character and virginity were
deliberately made to mislead the petitioner and induce him to obtain his
consent. Mr. Sethna also submitted before me that the provisions of the Special
Marriage Act which are equivalent to the provisions of Indian Divorce Act while
defining fraud have clearly stated that the principles applicable to ordinary
civil contracts should be applied while construing fraud under the Special
Marriage Act. Mr. Sethna has also drawn my attention to the Nullity of Marriage
Act, 1971, Sections 2 and 3. Section 2(c) refers:

     A marriage which takes place after the commencement of this Act shall be
voidable...that either party to the marriage did not validly consent to it,
whether in consequence of duress, mistake, unsoundness of mind or otherwise;

   Section 3, Sub-section (2) states:

     Without prejudice to Sub-section (I) of this section, the court shall not
grant a decree of nullity by virtue of Section 2 of this Act on the grounds
mentioned in paragraph (c), (d), (e) or (f) of that section unless it is
satisfied that the petitioner was at the time of the marriage ignorant of the
facts alleged.

   Referring to these provisions, Mr. Sethna submitted that Nullity of Marriage
Act, 1971, has now made it clear that consent which was obtained in consequence
of duress, mistake, unsoundness of mind or otherwise would not he considered a
valid consent and by using the expression 'otherwise' it has expanded the scope
of the error or fraud which would vitiate the consent. Against these
submissions, of Mr. Sethna, it has been rightly pointed out by Mrs. Manohar that
even in England, neither the Parliament nor the Courts have thought it necessary
to enlarge the meaning of interpretation of the word 'fraud' to include
misrepresentations or false representations regarding good moral character or
virginity. I am of the opinion, therefore, that not only the petitioner by his
evidence has not clearly established that the representations which though may
be false, were made by the parents of the respondent with the knowledge that
they were false but looking to the conduct of the petitioner, it cannot be Wd to
have been established that his consent was obtained on such misrepre'
sentations. Even if one were to take that such misrepresentations were made and
they were responsible for obtaining consent of the petitioner, I am of the
opinion that looking to the present trend of the English Courts and English Law
on the subject and looking to the various decisions by our High Court a in
India, interpreting Section 12(7)(c) of the Hindu Marriage Act which is similar
to Section 19 of the Indian Divorce Act, on such allegations of fraud, it would
not vitiate the consent.

   12. Coming to the next prayer of the petitioner as per the amended petition,
the petitioner relies upon the frequent acts of adultery of the respondent with
the co-respondent since December 6, 1970. The petitioner also relies upon the
movement of the respondent with the co-respondent on December 10, 1970 and
December 30, 1970. These facts are established by independent evidence of
witness Prabhune and which evidence is not challenged and therefore, I hold that
the petitioner has established that the respondent has been guilty of adultery
and the petitioner is entitled to have his marriage dissolved on the ground that
his wife has since the solemnization thereof, been guilty of adultery under
Section 10. I have already dealt with that part of the evidence while dealing
with the evidence led by the petitioner and I hold that the petitioner is
entitled to the relief under Section 10 as prayed for in the alternative prayer
and I pass a decree of divorce declaring the said marriage being dissolved on
that ground.